Joint French-Swedish school on X-rays and Neutrons techniques for the study of functional materials for energy

13-17 May 2019 Lund (Sweden)

Class and Lecturer description

Swedish and French lecturers will come to teach during this school.

Jean Daillant

Jean Daillant is an experimental physicist (soft-condensed matter).

He completed his PhD at the University Paris Sud in 1989.

He has been Director General of SOLEIL since August 2011. He was previously the head of Interdisciplinary Laboratory on Supramolecular Nanoscale Organization (LIONS) within the UMR CNRS 3299 CEA SIS2M from 2004 to 2011 and Deputy Director of LURE (former French synchrotron) from 1999 to 2002.
His work focuses on fluids and soft matter interfaces: membranes and thin films, electrolytes, polymers and copolymers at interfaces, wetting phenomena, using in particular large facilities (synchrotron and neutrons). He has in particular developed grazing incidence x-ray scattering methods using synchrotron radiation and atomic force microscopy to study liquid interfaces.

Interaction X-rays and neutrons with matter

The aim of the lecture will be both to provide the attendees with solid yet simple principles to understand x-ray and neutron scattering and give them a flavor of more sophisticated applications.

After a short introduction to synchrotron radiation and neutrons, I will discuss the interaction of x-rays and neutrons with matter.

Starting from a geometrical description, I will first emphasize similarities between x-ray and neutron scattering.

Differences will then be discussed using a more detailed description of interactions. Based on this analysis, I will discuss when x-rays or neutrons should be better used to tackle a given scientific question.

The lecture will be illustrated with numerous examples, mostly in soft-condensed matter.

Claire V. Colin

After Claire Colin obtained her PhD at the Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, in 2005; she was a post-doctoral fellow at the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen University in The Netherland. She became Associate Professor in 2007 joining the Néel Institute. Since 2012, she is also scientific co-responsible for the neutron powder diffractometer D1B (CRG at Institut Laue Langevin, ILL). She will talk about Diffraction with X-rays and neutrons and Example on multiferroics materials.

The research activity of Claire Colin is focused on the structure-property relationship of several multiferroic and magnetoelectric systems. Her expertise lies in physical characterization (electric and magnetic properties) but also in fine structural characterizations mainly by neutron and X-rays powder diffraction. She is specialized in the of symmetry mode analysis that is very useful for establishing the driving mechanisms for stabilizing crystallographic and magnetic structures.

Gwenaelle Rousse

Gwenaelle Rousse is associate professor at Sorbonne University and Collège de France (Paris, France) since 2002. She is specialized in crystallographic studies and Rietveld refinements from X-ray and neutron powder data and she works for more than 10 years on battery materials.

Example on materials for batteries

This course will present the different battery technologies (Li-ion, Na-ion, all-solid-state batteries) and the materials used as electrodes and solid state electrolytes in those systems. Emphasis will be put on the main challenges faced to increase the battery performances, and how neutrons can be useful for tacking them.

Stéphane Roth

Stephan V. Roth is adjunct professor in synchrotron radiation characterization in fibre and polymer technology at the Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, since 2016. After obtaining his PhD in 2001 in physics in the field of inelastic neutron scattering, he worked as postdoc in the field of polymer-metal nanocomposites at ESRF, Grenoble, France. In 2004 he joined DESY as beamline manager and is heading the MiNaXS beamline at PETRAIII, DESY, Hamburg, Germany, since 2006.

His research comprises advanced characterization techniques for in situ studies of nanocomponent assembly and materials, specifically targeted towards biopolymeric and cellulose materials as well as metal-polymer nanocomposites for information and energy technology.

Fréderic Ott

Researcher, specialist in neutron scattering and magnetic nanostructures.
Responsible for the group Interfaces and Materials at the Laboratoire Léon Brillouin.
Responsible for the polarized neutron reflectometer PRISM.

Olle Eriksson

Olle Eriksson is the professor in Physics at Uppsala University, Department of Physics. He is a leading expert in electronic structure theory, including correlations effects and coupling to magnetism. He defended his PhD thesis in 1989, and after a postdoc period he returned to Uppsala University where he has worked since 1992. Since 1999 he is professor at Uppsala University, and currently leads a research environment of ~80 persons. He has authored two scientific textbooks and over 650 peer reviewed articles.

Jonas Weissenrieder

Director of the Material Platform at KTH Royal institute of Technology.

Gerardina Carbone

Dina Carbone is a Researcher at the Max IV Laboratory in Lund.
She received her PhD in physics in 2004, from the Max Plank Institute für Metallforshung and the University of Stuttgart- Germany, and she has worked as Beamline Scientist at the ESRF.

Her research interests are focused onto the development and use of advanced synchrotron radiation methods applied to material science, based on hard x-ray (coherent) nano beams. Both at ESRF and at MAX IV she has been in charge of developing nanoprobe-specific instrumentation.

Dina is co-author of a book on the use of x-ray beams applied to nanoscience.

Lecture: Coherent X-ray nanobeams: applications

Coherent X-ray nano beams are becoming increasingly used for single object and scanning microscopy studies in a range of research fields, such as energy materials, environment, biology. Nanobeams provide access to structural and chemical information in complex or inhomogeneous systems (e.g. heterostructures, device-like structures, etc.) with high lateral resolution. They allow to study separate objects within large ensembles providing statistical information, especially relevant when the ensemble information is not representative of the single nanostructures.

Finally, nano-beams produced at new synchrotron radiation facilities, like MAX IV in Lund, have a high degree of coherence. This can be exploited for a wide range of applications, ranging from the disclosure of subtle details of complex materials to the investigation of the dynamics of complex systems.

In this lecture I will give a brief overview of different uses of nanobeams, with the support of relevant examples, with a special focus on the possibilities for coherent x-rays approaches at the beamline NanoMAX of MAX IV.

Matteo D’Astuto

Spectroscopy, inelastic scattering

In the first part of this lecture I will introduce general concepts with a particular focus on the difference between resonant and non-resonant scattering of X-rays.

Example on RIXS/INS for superconductivity

I will then give some example of non-resonant scattering of X-rays. I will show in particular how this gives conceptually similar results to inelastic neutron scattering (INS) in the case of phonons. With example on superconductors, I will highlight the technical difference justifying the choice of X-ray or neutron as probe, depending on the material, the environment and the specific details of the phonon dispersion of interest.

In the second part of the lecture I will focus on the resonant scattering of X-rays, and the information that can be obtained with Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS), in particular why this will give access to magnetic excitation and compare the results to INS for spin-wave dispersion in cuprate high temperature superconductors.

Heloisa N. Bordallo

Heloisa N. Bordallo - Associate professor in X-rays and Neutron Scattering. The unifying theme of Heloisa’s research has been to understand the effects of structural changes on the physical properties principally those governing dynamics in, and induced around, a material. The sequence of topics she worked on evolved from luminescent impurities in ionic crystals to other classes of materials; ferroelectrics, colossal magnetoresistance, molecular magnets, cement paste, clays, and then to systems of biological significance and lately energy-related materials. As a consequence of this development of scientific interest, I have been trained in a broad range of experimental and computational techniques, starting with optical spectroscopy and proceeding to Raman, infrared, elastic and inelastic neutron scattering, X-rays and synchrotron radiation. She is also the main proposer of the time-of-flight backscattering spectrometer MIRACLES to be built at the ESS.

Aleksandar Matic

Aleksandar Matic is a Professor in Physics, Head of the Condensed Matter Physics Division at the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. His research interest is direct towards soft matter and energy applications. A major theme for his research group is new electrolytes for next generation batteries in particular ionic liquids and other highly concentrated electrolytes.

Relaxation, QENS and ionic liquid

Ionic liquids are salts with a melting temperature below 100°C and are of high interest as electrolytes for future energy technology. The interest arises from intrinsic properties such as high ionic conductivity, good electrochemical stability, negligible vapour pressure and non-flammability. In this lecture we will look into how neutrons and x-rays can be used to understand structure and dynamics on the mesoscale in ionic liquids and their link to the functional properties.

Patrick Le Fèvre

Patrick Le Fèvre did his PhD at LURE (Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnétique), the first French synchrotron radiation facility which located in Orsay, close to Paris, where he studied the crystallographic structure of thin magnetic films by X-ray absorption techniques. After joining the CNRS, for the fine interpretation of X-ray absorption edges of oxides or rare earth-compounds, he moved to resonant photoemission in the X-ray or soft X-ray regime. He started working on defects in oxide by resonant Auger or resonant photodiffraction to precisely locate the defects at surfaces of oxides. He was then involved in the building of CASSIOPEE, a VUV and soft X-ray beamline installed on the SOLEIL storage ring and dedicated to angle-resolved and spin-resolved photoemission. On this beamline, he went on working on oxides where defects like oxygen vacancies were shown to be at the origin of 2D metallic electron systems at the surface of insulating oxides. He is now involved in research on epitaxial topological insulators for spintronics.

XPS

Photoemission is based on the photoelectric effect. An incident photon is absorbed by an atom which uses its energy hν to emit an electron. In a photoemission experiment, this photoelectron is collected by an analyzer able to measure its kinetic energy as well as, in angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), its emission angle. In this lecture, we will describe this process and the information contained in photoemission spectra.

One can first make a clear difference between the observation of core levels, atomic-like electrons described by the usual quantum numbers n, l and m_l, and the more or less delocalized valence electrons described by their binding energy and their wavevector k.

Core level spectroscopy gives a quite direct access to the local chemical environment of the excited atom. They can also be measured in a pump-probe experiment, where a pulse of UV or visible light prepares the material into an excited state (pump) prior to its analysis by photoemission with a soft X-ray photon (probe). Variation of core level binding energy with the time delay between the pump and the probe allows for a measurement of the excited state lifetime, a key parameter for materials to be used in solar cells or for hydrogen production by water photoelectrolysis.

On valence states, ARPES is a unique tool to give an image of the material band structure. The basis of this technique will also be described.

Devrim Göktepe-Hultén

Devrim Göktepe-Hultén is associate professor at the Department of Business Administration. She has completed her habiliation at the Research Policy Instute and qualified as Docent in Research Policy.

During 2009-2014, she was a Marie Curie-Skłodowska research associate and the principal investigator of the “Commercialization of Academic Research Results" project. During 2007 and 2009 she was employed as a post-doctoral research fellow at Max Planck Institute of Economics in Germany. She has received her PhD degree in Innovation Engineering from Lund Institute of Technology.

Göktepe-Hulténs research lies at the intersection of university-industry relations, academic entrepreneurship, and the strategic use of intellectual property rights. She has a special interest in how policies, programs, and relationships between academia and industry can be designed to accelerate the productive role of universities in their local entrepreneurial ecosystem both in developed and developing countries.

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